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| c. 1200 BC |
| | | Mysterious raiders from the sea cause chaos throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Greece to Palestine and Egypt | |
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| 409 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | Euclid, teaching at the museum in Alexandria, writes what becomes Europe's standard textbook on geometry | |
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| 264 BC |
| | | A clash in Sicily, between Rome and Carthage, leads to the First Punic War | |
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| 260 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian quinquereme, captured by the Romans, is used as the model for the first Roman fleet - constructed in two months | |
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| 241 BC |
| | | A Roman naval victory at Trapani, off the northwest tip of Sicily, completes the blockade of the Carthaginians and ends the First Punic War | |
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| 218 BC |
| | | Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War | |
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| 149 BC |
| | | Rome picks a quarrel with Carthage to begin the Third Punic War | |
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| 146 BC |
| | | Carthage is destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War | |
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| 58 BC |
| | | At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France | |
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